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                                        <span class="name mobile-link">


                                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small">
                                                <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-free_white.svg" title="Free Antivirus">
                                            </div><img class="logo" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/logo/free-antivirus.svg" alt=""><span class="product-name">Free Antivirus</span>
                                        </span>

                                        <span class="os win mac android ios">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                        <span class="description">Basic protection for all your devices</span>
                                    </a>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/premium-security" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeSecurity">
                                        <span class="name mobile-link">


                                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small">
                                                <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-premium_white.svg" title="Free Antivirus">
                                            </div><img class="logo" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/logo/premium.svg" alt=""><span class="product-name">Premium Security</span>
                                        </span>

                                        <span class="os win mac android ios">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                        <span class="description">Complete protection against all internet
                                            threats</span>
                                    </a>
                                </li>

                                <li>

                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/ultimate" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeBundles">
                                        <span class="name mobile-link">


                                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small">
                                                <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-ultimate_white.svg" title="Ultimate">
                                            </div><img class="logo" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/logo/free-antivirus.svg" alt=""><span class="product-name">Ultimate</span>
                                        </span>

                                        <span class="os win mac android ios">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                        <span class="description">Our best security, privacy, and performance apps in
                                            one package</span>
                                    </a>
                                </li>
                            </ul>


                            <p class="hint hidden-mobile">Looking for a product for your device? <a href="//www.avast.com/free-antivirus-download" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeSecurityLink">Free&nbsp;Antivirus&nbsp;for&nbsp;PC</a>, <a href="//www.avast.com/free-mobile-security" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeSecurityLink">Free&nbsp;Security&nbsp;for&nbsp;Android</a>, <a href="//www.avast.com/free-mac-security" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeSecurityLink">Free&nbsp;Security&nbsp;for&nbsp;Mac</a>, <a href="//www.avast.com/free-ios-security" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeSecurityLink">Free&nbsp;Security&nbsp;for&nbsp;iPhone/iPad</a></p>


                            <p class="js-hint hint hidden-desktop">
                                <span class="js-hint-close close-hint"></span>
                                <span class="js-hint-toggler hint-title">Looking for a product for your device?</span>
                                <span class="hint-content">
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/free-antivirus-download" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeSecurityLink">Free&nbsp;Antivirus&nbsp;for&nbsp;PC</a>
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/free-mac-security" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeSecurityLink">Free&nbsp;Security&nbsp;for&nbsp;Mac</a>
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/free-mobile-security" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeSecurityLink">Free&nbsp;Security&nbsp;for&nbsp;Android</a>
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/free-ios-security" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeSecurityLink">Free&nbsp;Security&nbsp;for&nbsp;iPhone/iPad</a>
                                </span>
                            </p>

                        </div>


                    </li>


                    <li data-second-menu="privacy" role="none">
                        <span class="subcategory privacy arrow" tabindex="0" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="privacy">Privacy</span>


                        <div class="third-menu privacy" role="menu" id="navigation-privacy">
                            <ul class="block-products">

                                <li>
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/secureline-vpn" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homePrivacy">
                                        <span class="name mobile-link">


                                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small">
                                                <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-vpn_white.svg" title="SecureLine VPN">
                                            </div><img class="logo" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/logo/secure-line.svg" alt=""><span class="product-name">SecureLine VPN</span>
                                        </span>

                                        <span class="os win mac android ios">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                        <span class="description">Encrypt your connection to stay safe on public
                                            networks</span>
                                    </a>
                                </li>

                                <li>
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/antitrack" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homePrivacy">
                                        <span class="name mobile-link">


                                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small">
                                                <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-anti-track_white.svg" title="AntiTrack">
                                            </div><img class="logo" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/logo/anti-track.svg" alt=""><span class="product-name">AntiTrack</span>
                                        </span>

                                        <span class="os win mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                        <span class="description">Disguise your digital fingerprint to avoid
                                            personalized ads</span>
                                    </a>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/secure-browser" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homePrivacy">
                                        <span class="name mobile-link">


                                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small">
                                                <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-secure-browser_white.svg" title="Secure Browser">
                                            </div><img class="logo" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/logo/secure-browser.svg" alt=""><span class="product-name">Secure Browser</span>
                                        </span>

                                        <span class="os win mac android ios">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                        <span class="description">Enjoy safer browsing that’s up to 4x faster</span>
                                    </a>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/breachguard" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homePrivacy">
                                        <span class="name mobile-link">


                                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small">
                                                <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-breach-guard_white.svg" title="BreachGuard">
                                            </div><img class="logo" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/logo/breachguard.svg" alt=""><span class="product-name">BreachGuard</span>
                                        </span>

                                        <span class="os win mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                        <span class="description">Protect your personal info from being exposed and
                                            sold</span>
                                    </a>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>

                    </li>


                    <li data-second-menu="performance" role="none">
                        <span class="subcategory performance arrow" tabindex="0" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="performance">Performance</span>

                        <div class="third-menu performance" role="menu" id="navigation-performance">
                            <ul class="block-products">
                                <li>

                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/cleanup" class="content-windows" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homePerformance">
                                        <span class="name mobile-link">


                                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small">
                                                <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-clean-up-premium_white.svg" title="Cleanup Premium">
                                            </div><img class="logo" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/logo/cleanup.svg" alt=""><span class="product-name">Cleanup Premium</span>
                                        </span>

                                        <span class="os win mac android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                        <span class="description">Boost your computer’s speed and performance</span>
                                    </a>

                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/cleanup-mac" class="content-mac" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homePerformance">
                                        <span class="name mobile-link">


                                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small">
                                                <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-clean-up-premium_white.svg" title="Cleanup Premium">
                                            </div><img class="logo" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/logo/cleanup.svg" alt=""><span class="product-name">Cleanup Premium</span>
                                        </span>

                                        <span class="os win mac android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                        <span class="description">Boost your computer’s speed and performance</span>
                                    </a>

                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/cleanup-android" class="content-android" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homePerformance">
                                        <span class="name mobile-link">


                                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small">
                                                <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-clean-up-premium_white.svg" title="Cleanup Premium">
                                            </div><img class="logo" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/logo/cleanup.svg" alt=""><span class="product-name">Cleanup Premium</span>
                                        </span>

                                        <span class="os win mac android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                        <span class="description">Boost your computer’s speed and performance</span>
                                    </a>

                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/cleanup" class="content-ios" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homePerformance">
                                        <span class="name mobile-link">


                                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small">
                                                <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-clean-up-premium_white.svg" title="Cleanup Premium">
                                            </div><img class="logo" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/logo/cleanup.svg" alt=""><span class="product-name">Cleanup Premium</span>
                                        </span>

                                        <span class="os win mac android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                        <span class="description">Boost your computer’s speed and performance</span>
                                    </a>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/driver-updater" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homePerformance">
                                        <span class="name mobile-link">


                                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small">
                                                <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-driver-updater_white.svg" title="Driver Updater">
                                            </div><img class="logo" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/logo/driver-updater.svg" alt=""><span class="product-name">Driver Updater</span>
                                        </span>

                                        <span class="os win">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                        <span class="description">Automatically update drivers with a single
                                            click</span>
                                    </a>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/battery-saver-for-windows" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homePerformance">
                                        <span class="name mobile-link">


                                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small">
                                                <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-battery-saver_white.svg" title="Battery Saver">
                                            </div><img class="logo" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/logo/battery-saver.svg" alt=""><span class="product-name">Battery Saver</span>
                                        </span>

                                        <span class="os win">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                        <span class="description">Maximize your battery life </span>
                                    </a>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>

                    </li>




                    <li role="none">
                        <a class="desktop" href="//www.avast.com/store" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeShop" role="menuitem"><span class="subcategory shop">

                                <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-16-store hidden-mobile">
                                </div>
                                Store
                            </span>
                        </a>
                    </li>
                </ul>


                <ul class="side mobile-links-top" role="menubar">
                    <li class="mobile" role="menuitem">

                        <a href="//www.avast.com/index" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="home" role="menuitem"><span class="subcategory home">

                                <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-40-home mobile">
                                </div>
                                Home
                            </span></a>
                    </li>
                    <li role="menuitem">
                        <a href="https://support.avast.com" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeSupport" role="menuitem"><span class="subcategory support">

                                <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-16-support hidden-mobile">
                                </div>

                                <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-40-support mobile">
                                </div>
                                Support
                            </span></a>
                    </li>
                    <li role="menuitem">
                        <a class="mobile" href="//www.avast.com/store" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeShop" role="menuitem"><span class="subcategory shop">

                                <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-40-store">
                                </div>

                                Store
                            </span></a>
                    </li>
                    <li role="menuitem">
                        <a href="https://my.avast.com" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="homeAccount" role="menuitem"><span class="subcategory account">

                                <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-16-account hidden-mobile">
                                </div>

                                <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-40-account mobile">
                                </div>
                                Account
                            </span></a>
                    </li>
                </ul>

            </div>



            <div class="second-menu for-business">
                <div class="js-back mobile back">For business</div>



                <ul class="side" role="menubar">
                    <li data-second-menu="products">
                        <span class="subcategory products arrow" tabindex="0" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="solutions">Solutions</span>


                        <div class="third-menu products solutions" id="navigation-solutions">
                            <ul class="block-products">
                                <li class="product no-border">
                                    <a class="product-name" href="//www.avast.com/business/solutions/endpoint-protection" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessSolutions">


                                        <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small smb">
                                            <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-endpoint-protection_white.svg" title="Endpoint Protection">
                                        </div>Endpoint Protection
                                    </a>
                                    <div class="product-os">
                                        <span class="os win-smb mac-smb servers-smb linux-smb">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="product-category">
                                        <div class="category-title">Small Businesses</div>
                                        <div class="category-info">11-100</div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="product-description">Safeguard your data, devices, and apps with <a href="//www.avast.com/business/solutions/next-gen-antivirus" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessNextGenLink">Next-Gen
                                            Antivirus</a>, <a href="//www.avast.com/business/products/patch-management" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessPatchLink">Patch Management</a>,
                                        and <a href="//www.avast.com/business/business-hub/cloud-backup-for-small-business" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessCloudBackupLink">Cloud
                                            Backup</a>.</div>
                                </li>

                                <li class="product">
                                    <a class="product-name" href="//www.avast.com/business/solutions/all-in-one-security" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessSolutions">


                                        <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small smb">
                                            <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-business-ultimate_white.svg" title="All-In-One Protection">
                                        </div>All-In-One Protection
                                    </a>
                                    <div class="product-os">
                                        <span class="os win-smb mac-smb servers-smb">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="product-category">
                                        <div class="category-title">Medium and Large Businesses</div>
                                        <div class="category-info">101-1000+</div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="product-links">
                                        <a href="//www.avast.com/business/solutions/endpoint-protection-for-large-businesses" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessSolutions">Endpoint
                                            Protection</a>
                                        <a href="//www.avast.com/business/business-hub/cloud-backup" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessSolutions">Backup and
                                            Recovery</a>
                                        <a href="//www.avast.com/business/products/ccleaner" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessSolutions">Endpoint
                                            Optimization</a>
                                        <a href="//www.avast.com/business/solutions/network-security" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessSolutions">Cloud Network
                                            Security</a>
                                        <a href="//www.avast.com/business/business-hub" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessSolutions">Business Hub Security
                                            Platform</a>
                                    </div>
                                </li>

                                <li class="product">
                                    <a class="product-name" href="//www.avast.com/business/solutions/all-in-one-security-msp" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessSolutions">


                                        <div data-cmp-name="cmp-product-icon" class="product-icon box small smb">
                                            <img alt="" src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/v2/components/icons/product-icons/32x32/product-icon-antivirus-for-servers_white.svg" title="Advanced All-In-One Protection">
                                        </div>Advanced All-In-One Protection
                                    </a>
                                    <div class="product-os">
                                        <span class="os win-smb mac-smb">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win.svg" class="img-win" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac.svg" class="img-mac" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android.svg" class="img-android" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios.svg" class="img-ios" alt="Available for iOS">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/win-smb.svg" class="img-win-smb" alt="Available for PC">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/mac-smb.svg" class="img-mac-smb" alt="Available for Mac">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/servers-smb.svg" class="img-servers-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/linux-smb.svg" class="img-linux-smb" alt="">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/android-smb.svg" class="img-android-smb" alt="Available for Android">
                                            <img src="https://static3.avast.com/20001383/web/i/navigation/os/ios-smb.svg" class="img-ios-smb" alt="Available for iOS">
                                        </span>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="product-category">
                                        <div class="category-title">Channel Partners</div>
                                        <div class="category-info">MSPs, Resellers, Distributors</div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="product-links">
                                        <a href="//www.avast.com/business/cloudcare/antivirus" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessSolutions">Endpoint
                                            Protection</a>
                                        <a href="//www.avast.com/business/solutions/network-security" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessSolutions">Cloud Network
                                            Security</a>
                                        <a href="//www.avast.com/business/cloudcare" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessSolutions">CloudCare Security
                                            Platform</a>
                                    </div>
                                </li>
                            </ul>



                            <p class="hint">Not sure which solution is right for your business? <a href="//www.avast.com/business/help-me-choose" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessSolutionsLink">Help me choose</a></p>
                        </div>

                    </li>

                    <li data-second-menu="business-partners">
                        <span class="subcategory business-partners arrow" tabindex="0" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="partners">Business partners</span>


                        <div class="third-menu business-partners" id="navigation-partners">
                            <ul class="block-products">
                                <li class="mobile-link">
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/business/partners" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessPartners">Become a partner</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="mobile-link">
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/business/partners/msp" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessPartners">MSP partners</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="mobile-link">
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/business/partners/reseller" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessPartners">Reseller partners</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="mobile-link">
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/business/partners/distributor" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessPartners">Distributor partners</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="mobile-link">
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/business/affiliates" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="affiliates">Affiliates</a>
                                </li>

                                <li class="mobile-link">
                                    <a href="//www.avast.com/business/partner-locator" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessPartners">Partner locator</a>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>

                    </li>

                    <li>
                        <a href="//www.avast.com/business/resources" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessResources"><span class="subcategory">Resources</span></a>
                    </li>

                    <li>
                        <a href="//www.avast.com/business/trials" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessTrials"><span class="subcategory">Trials</span></a>
                    </li>

                    <li>
                        <a class="desktop" href="//www.avast.com/business/store" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessShop"><span class="subcategory shop">

                                <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-16-store hidden-mobile">
                                </div>
                                Store
                            </span></a>
                    </li>
                </ul>

                <ul class="side mobile-links-top" role="menubar">
                    <li class="mobile" role="menuitem">
                        <a href="//www.avast.com/business">
                            <span class="subcategory">

                                <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-40-home mobile">
                                </div>
                                Home
                            </span>
                        </a>
                    </li>
                    <li role="menuitem">
                        <a href="//www.avast.com/business/cloudcare/talk-to-an-expert" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessContactSales"><span class="subcategory ">

                                <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-40-headset mobile">
                                </div>
                                Contact sales
                            </span></a>
                    </li>
                    <li role="menuitem">
                        <a href="//www.avast.com/business/support" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessSupport"><span class="subcategory support">

                                <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-16-support hidden-mobile">
                                </div>

                                <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-40-support mobile">
                                </div>
                                Support
                            </span></a>
                    </li>
                    <li role="menuitem">
                        <a class="mobile" href="//www.avast.com/business/store" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessShop"><span class="subcategory">

                                <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-40-store mobile">
                                </div>
                                Store

                            </span></a>

                    </li>
                    <li data-second-menu="account">
                        <span class="subcategory account arrow" tabindex="0">

                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-16-account hidden-mobile">
                            </div>

                            <div data-cmp-name="cmp-icon" role="img" class="icon icon-40-account mobile">
                            </div>
                            Account
                        </span>

                        <div class="third-menu login">
                            <ul class="block-products">

                                <li class="mobile-link"><a href="https://id.avast.com/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.avast.com%3A443%2F#login" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessAccount">Business Hub</a></li>

                                <li class="mobile-link"><a href="https://us.cloudcare.avg.com/" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessAccount">CloudCare</a></li>
                                <li class="mobile-link"><a href="https://partners.avast.com/s/login/" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="businessAccount">Reseller portal</a></li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>

                    </li>
                </ul>

            </div>

            <div class="second-menu for-partners">
                <div class="js-back mobile back">For partners</div>
                <ul class="side" role="menu">
                    <li>
                        <a href="//www.avast.com/partners/smartlife" data-role="Nav:MenuItem" data-cta="partnersCarriers"><span class="subcategory">Smart Life</span></a>
                    </li>
                    <li>
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                            <div class="intro"><h1 class="mt-lg-0"><span id="hs_cos_wrapper_name" class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_meta_field hs_cos_wrapper_type_text" style="" data-hs-cos-general-type="meta_field" data-hs-cos-type="text">Linux Trojan “Hand of Thief” ungloved</span></h1></div>
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                                        <span class="meta-author"><a href="https://blog.avast.com/author/threat-intelligence-team">Threat Intelligence Team</a></span><span class="meta-added"><span> </span> 27 Aug 2013</span>
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                                <div class="box"><p class="perex">Linux Trojan “Hand of Thief” ungloved</p>
    
                                    <span id="hs_cos_wrapper_post_body" class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_meta_field hs_cos_wrapper_type_rich_text" style="" data-hs-cos-general-type="meta_field" data-hs-cos-type="rich_text"><p>A new threat for the Linux platform was first mentioned on August 7th by <a href="http://blogs.rsa.com/thieves-reaching-for-linux-hand-of-thief-trojan-targets-linux-inth3wild/">RSA researchers</a>, where it was dubbed <i>Hand of Thief</i>.  The two main capabilities of this Trojan are form-grabbing of Linux-specific browsers and entering a victim's computer by a back-door. Moreover, it is empowered with features like anti-virtualization and anti-monitoring. With the level of overall sophistication <i>Hand of Thief</i> displays, it can be compared to infamous non-Windows threats such as the FlashBack Trojan for MacOsX platform discovered last year or Trojan <a href="//blog.avast.com/2013/06/17/androidobad-malware-gets-smarter-so-does-avast">Obad for Android</a> from recent times.</p>
<p>A detailed analysis uncovers the following structure of the initial file with all parts after the dropper being encrypted (hexadecimal number displays starting offset of a block):</p>
<p><a href="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802103-png/blog-files/handofthief_scheme.png"><img alt="handofthief_scheme" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-17593" height="276" src="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802103-png/blog-files/handofthief_scheme.png?width=600&amp;height=276&amp;name=handofthief_scheme.png" width="600" srcset="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802103-png/blog-files/handofthief_scheme.png?width=300&amp;height=138&amp;name=handofthief_scheme.png 300w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802103-png/blog-files/handofthief_scheme.png?width=600&amp;height=276&amp;name=handofthief_scheme.png 600w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802103-png/blog-files/handofthief_scheme.png?width=900&amp;height=414&amp;name=handofthief_scheme.png 900w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802103-png/blog-files/handofthief_scheme.png?width=1200&amp;height=552&amp;name=handofthief_scheme.png 1200w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802103-png/blog-files/handofthief_scheme.png?width=1500&amp;height=690&amp;name=handofthief_scheme.png 1500w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802103-png/blog-files/handofthief_scheme.png?width=1800&amp;height=828&amp;name=handofthief_scheme.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px"></a></p>
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<p>Running the program on a native Linux system with parameter "-v" displays the version info "0.1.0.7".</p>
<p><strong>Dropper and Self-Protection</strong></p>
<p>The dropper is obfuscated with the UPX packer so the executable is not available for a static analysis. We make it so by applying the original <a href="http://upx.sourceforge.net/">UPX program</a> with parameter -d on a sole dropper part of the initial binary. The readability of almost all character strings is hardened by a XOR encryption with a varying 8-bit key. This is a very common property shared both among Windows and non-Windows Trojans.</p>
<p>Immediately after start, the Trojan checks if it does not run in a virtualized environment. Realization of this aim depends on virtualization software: To search for a substring "VBOX" and "VMware" in the listed SCSI devices (to suppress this check it is enough to unset read privileges on the file <em>/proc/scsi/scsi</em> ); to look for a substring "UML","PowerVM Lx86", "QEMU" or "IBM/S390" in <em>/proc/cpuinfo</em> file; to check an access to <em>/proc/vz</em> or <em>/proc/bc</em> which exist if OpenVZ kernel is running:</p>
<p><a href="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802113-png/blog-files/handofthief_is_under_vm.png"><img alt="handofthief_is_under_vm" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-17704" height="465" src="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802113-png/blog-files/handofthief_is_under_vm.png?width=600&amp;height=465&amp;name=handofthief_is_under_vm.png" width="600" srcset="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802113-png/blog-files/handofthief_is_under_vm.png?width=300&amp;height=233&amp;name=handofthief_is_under_vm.png 300w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802113-png/blog-files/handofthief_is_under_vm.png?width=600&amp;height=465&amp;name=handofthief_is_under_vm.png 600w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802113-png/blog-files/handofthief_is_under_vm.png?width=900&amp;height=698&amp;name=handofthief_is_under_vm.png 900w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802113-png/blog-files/handofthief_is_under_vm.png?width=1200&amp;height=930&amp;name=handofthief_is_under_vm.png 1200w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802113-png/blog-files/handofthief_is_under_vm.png?width=1500&amp;height=1163&amp;name=handofthief_is_under_vm.png 1500w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802113-png/blog-files/handofthief_is_under_vm.png?width=1800&amp;height=1395&amp;name=handofthief_is_under_vm.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px"></a></p>
<p>The presence of any of these signs leads to an early end of execution. The Trojan also exits if the root directory is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot">chrooted</a> by comparing particular lines in <em>/proc/1/mountinfo</em> and <em>/proc/\&lt;getpid()&gt;/mountinfo</em>. Chrooting is basically a security feature where a running process does not have access to the root directory but to another branch of a file system tree that acts as one.</p>
<p>Then it decrypts the config file appended at the end of the binary (starting on the offset 0x24244 with the length of 0x1E0) and it initializes its global variables with entries from the config file (values are resolved using regcomp, regexec and regfree command). We analyzed a sample with the following one (a private IP serving for C&amp;C whispers that this bot is in debug process and not in the wild):</p>
<p><a href="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802123-png/blog-files/handofthief_config_txt.png"><img alt="handofthief_config_txt" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-17467" height="380" src="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802123-png/blog-files/handofthief_config_txt.png?width=565&amp;height=380&amp;name=handofthief_config_txt.png" width="565" srcset="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802123-png/blog-files/handofthief_config_txt.png?width=283&amp;height=190&amp;name=handofthief_config_txt.png 283w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802123-png/blog-files/handofthief_config_txt.png?width=565&amp;height=380&amp;name=handofthief_config_txt.png 565w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802123-png/blog-files/handofthief_config_txt.png?width=848&amp;height=570&amp;name=handofthief_config_txt.png 848w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802123-png/blog-files/handofthief_config_txt.png?width=1130&amp;height=760&amp;name=handofthief_config_txt.png 1130w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802123-png/blog-files/handofthief_config_txt.png?width=1413&amp;height=950&amp;name=handofthief_config_txt.png 1413w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802123-png/blog-files/handofthief_config_txt.png?width=1695&amp;height=1140&amp;name=handofthief_config_txt.png 1695w" sizes="(max-width: 565px) 100vw, 565px"></a></p>
<p>To achieve persistence after reboot, the Trojan is suspected to create a configuration file called <em>system-firewall.desktop</em> within the path <em>~/.config/autostart</em> containing the following setting (%s is appropriately changed):</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="614">[Desktop Entry]<br>
Encoding=UTF-8<br>
Type=Application<br>
Exec=%s<br>
Terminal=false<br>
Name=System Firewall<br>
StartupNotify=false</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The step that follows is the installation of modules containing the main functionality into the <em>/tmp/</em> directory and changing access permissions with a command <em>chroot </em> with parameter <em>-x</em>. The procedure consists of mapping the binary into the memory and copying a relevant part to a buffer that is decrypted by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard">AES</a> with a 256bit key. For the executable of a length 24848 it is performed like this (the marked values denote the target file name, the starting offset in the binary and the access permission):</p>
<p><a href="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802133-png/blog-files/handofthief_drop_block.png"><img alt="handofthief_drop_block" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-17511" height="331" src="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802133-png/blog-files/handofthief_drop_block.png?width=600&amp;height=331&amp;name=handofthief_drop_block.png" width="600" srcset="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802133-png/blog-files/handofthief_drop_block.png?width=300&amp;height=166&amp;name=handofthief_drop_block.png 300w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802133-png/blog-files/handofthief_drop_block.png?width=600&amp;height=331&amp;name=handofthief_drop_block.png 600w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802133-png/blog-files/handofthief_drop_block.png?width=900&amp;height=497&amp;name=handofthief_drop_block.png 900w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802133-png/blog-files/handofthief_drop_block.png?width=1200&amp;height=662&amp;name=handofthief_drop_block.png 1200w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802133-png/blog-files/handofthief_drop_block.png?width=1500&amp;height=828&amp;name=handofthief_drop_block.png 1500w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802133-png/blog-files/handofthief_drop_block.png?width=1800&amp;height=993&amp;name=handofthief_drop_block.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px"></a></p>
<p>The shared object is injected in every process whose name does not contain substring <em>gnome-session</em>, <em>dbus </em> or <em>pulseaudio</em>. The injection is performed with a method similar to the one described on <a href="http://www.blackhat.com/html/bh-europe-01/bh-europe-01-speakers.html#Shaun"> Blackhat 2001 by Shaun Clowes</a>. The reimplementation is <a href="http://github.com/ice799/injectso64">available on github</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Core Functionality</strong></p>
<p>The shared object starts two threads. The first one is called <em>aaa, </em> and it listens to a command from C&amp;C to execute an action: <em>bc </em>command triggers BackConnect daemon called <em>p0stfix </em>serves as a reverse shell with a victim connecting to a particular socket; <em>bind </em>command starts BindPort daemon called <em>unix-daemon</em> acting as a bind shell with an attacker receiving the content of an output of a shell (after the correct authentication); <em>socks </em>executes a proxy via custom implementation of SOCKS5 protocol. All these features are realized through embedded perl scripts. Another commands with names <em>d_exec </em>and <em>update,</em> and they would try an execution of newly downloaded files from a C&amp;C server.</p>
<p>The second thread is denoted <em>bbb</em>. It performs the injection of the shared object starting on the offset 0x19CF4 into running browsers mapping space by the same method mentioned above. This serves as an initialization of the form-grabbing feature. Supported browsers are Chromium, Chrome and Firefox. The intervention of data submits of the Firefox browser is realized as the redirection of program flow of original libnspr40.so!PR_Write function to a custom implementation <em>hPR_Write_ptr</em> of Trojan:</p>
<p><a href="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802143-png/blog-files/handofthief_funct_patch.png"><img alt="handofthief_funct_patch" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-17711" height="343" src="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802143-png/blog-files/handofthief_funct_patch.png?width=600&amp;height=343&amp;name=handofthief_funct_patch.png" width="600" srcset="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802143-png/blog-files/handofthief_funct_patch.png?width=300&amp;height=172&amp;name=handofthief_funct_patch.png 300w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802143-png/blog-files/handofthief_funct_patch.png?width=600&amp;height=343&amp;name=handofthief_funct_patch.png 600w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802143-png/blog-files/handofthief_funct_patch.png?width=900&amp;height=515&amp;name=handofthief_funct_patch.png 900w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802143-png/blog-files/handofthief_funct_patch.png?width=1200&amp;height=686&amp;name=handofthief_funct_patch.png 1200w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802143-png/blog-files/handofthief_funct_patch.png?width=1500&amp;height=858&amp;name=handofthief_funct_patch.png 1500w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802143-png/blog-files/handofthief_funct_patch.png?width=1800&amp;height=1029&amp;name=handofthief_funct_patch.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px"></a></p>
<p>Intercepted data, statistics of bots execution, and command from C&amp;C are all interpreted via a custom communication protocol based on AES encryption with 256bits keys combined with Base64 encoding:</p>
<p><a href="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802153-png/blog-files/handofthief_http_encrypt.png"><img alt="handofthief_HTTP_encrypt_AES" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-17715" height="340" src="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802153-png/blog-files/handofthief_http_encrypt.png?width=600&amp;height=340&amp;name=handofthief_http_encrypt.png" width="600" srcset="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802153-png/blog-files/handofthief_http_encrypt.png?width=300&amp;height=170&amp;name=handofthief_http_encrypt.png 300w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802153-png/blog-files/handofthief_http_encrypt.png?width=600&amp;height=340&amp;name=handofthief_http_encrypt.png 600w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802153-png/blog-files/handofthief_http_encrypt.png?width=900&amp;height=510&amp;name=handofthief_http_encrypt.png 900w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802153-png/blog-files/handofthief_http_encrypt.png?width=1200&amp;height=680&amp;name=handofthief_http_encrypt.png 1200w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802153-png/blog-files/handofthief_http_encrypt.png?width=1500&amp;height=850&amp;name=handofthief_http_encrypt.png 1500w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802153-png/blog-files/handofthief_http_encrypt.png?width=1800&amp;height=1020&amp;name=handofthief_http_encrypt.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px"></a></p>
<p>Moreover, we observed an anti-monitoring check (no communication if wireshark or tcpdump is running):</p>
<p><a href="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802163-png/blog-files/handofthief_antimonitor.png"><img alt="handofthief_antimonitor" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-17557" height="355" src="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802163-png/blog-files/handofthief_antimonitor.png?width=600&amp;height=355&amp;name=handofthief_antimonitor.png" width="600" srcset="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802163-png/blog-files/handofthief_antimonitor.png?width=300&amp;height=178&amp;name=handofthief_antimonitor.png 300w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802163-png/blog-files/handofthief_antimonitor.png?width=600&amp;height=355&amp;name=handofthief_antimonitor.png 600w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802163-png/blog-files/handofthief_antimonitor.png?width=900&amp;height=533&amp;name=handofthief_antimonitor.png 900w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802163-png/blog-files/handofthief_antimonitor.png?width=1200&amp;height=710&amp;name=handofthief_antimonitor.png 1200w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802163-png/blog-files/handofthief_antimonitor.png?width=1500&amp;height=888&amp;name=handofthief_antimonitor.png 1500w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802163-png/blog-files/handofthief_antimonitor.png?width=1800&amp;height=1065&amp;name=handofthief_antimonitor.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px"></a></p>
<p>Finally, the exported function <em>drow_image </em>displays an about info in a form of nice ASCII art that confirms the creativity of the author (an owl sitting on a tree can be recognized):</p>
<p><a href="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802173-png/blog-files/handofthief_drow_image.png"><img alt="handofthief_drow_image" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-17485" height="227" src="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802173-png/blog-files/handofthief_drow_image.png?width=515&amp;height=227&amp;name=handofthief_drow_image.png" width="515" srcset="//cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802173-png/blog-files/handofthief_drow_image.png?width=258&amp;height=114&amp;name=handofthief_drow_image.png 258w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802173-png/blog-files/handofthief_drow_image.png?width=515&amp;height=227&amp;name=handofthief_drow_image.png 515w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802173-png/blog-files/handofthief_drow_image.png?width=773&amp;height=341&amp;name=handofthief_drow_image.png 773w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802173-png/blog-files/handofthief_drow_image.png?width=1030&amp;height=454&amp;name=handofthief_drow_image.png 1030w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802173-png/blog-files/handofthief_drow_image.png?width=1288&amp;height=568&amp;name=handofthief_drow_image.png 1288w, //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/4650993/avast-blog/file-3580802173-png/blog-files/handofthief_drow_image.png?width=1545&amp;height=681&amp;name=handofthief_drow_image.png 1545w" sizes="(max-width: 515px) 100vw, 515px"></a></p>
<p><strong>Conclusion</strong><br>
The Linux operating system is designed to have high level of security. However, this year a few attempts to attack Web servers by backdoors redirecting traffic or malicious apache modules have been discovered. The aim of this Trojan is to compromise user desktop systems. With features designed to abuse sensitive browser information, it could advance Linux users a step forward in this specific environment. The same threatening environment in which Windows users have existed for years. The statement that the Linux platform is absolutely secure now seems even more illusive.</p>
<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>
<p>SHA256 hashes of some selected samples:</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="109">Hand of Thief Initial Binary</td>
<td valign="top" width="241"><a href="http://www.virustotal.com/en/file/bd92ce74844b1ddfdd1b61eac86abe7140d38eedf9c1b06fb7fbf446f6830391/analysis/">BD92CE74844B1DDFDD1B61EAC86ABE7140D38E EDF9C1B06FB7FBF446F6830391</a></td>
<td valign="top" width="204">ELF:Hanthie-B [Trj]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="109">Hand of Thief Shared Object</td>
<td valign="top" width="241"><a href="http://www.virustotal.com/en/file/2acf2bc72a2095a29bb4c02e3cd95d12e3b4f59d2e7391d9bcbba9f3142b40ae/analysis/">2ACF2BC72A2095A29BB4C02E3CD95D12E3B4F5 9D2E7391D9BCBBA9F3142B40AE</a></td>
<td valign="top" width="204">ELF:Hanthie-A [Trj]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="109">Hand of Thief Backdoor Executable</td>
<td valign="top" width="241"><a href="http://www.virustotal.com/en/file/753dc7cd036bdbac772a90fb3478b3ccf22bec70ee4bd2f55dec2041e9482017/analysis/">753DC7CD036BDBAC772A90FB3478B3CCF22BEC 70EE4BD2F55DEC2041E9482017</a></td>
<td valign="top" width="204">ELF:Hanthie-C [Trj]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="109">Hand of Thief Formgrabber</td>
<td valign="top" width="241"><a href="http://www.virustotal.com/en/file/b794ce9e7291fe822b0e1f1804bd5a9a2efc304a1e2870699c60ef5083c7bac2/analysis/">B794CE9E7291FE822B0E1F1804BD5A9A2EFC30 4A1E2870699C60EF5083C7BAC2</a></td>
<td valign="top" width="204">ELF:Hanthie-D [Trj]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="109">Hand of Thief BackConnect Script</td>
<td valign="top" width="241"><a href="http://www.virustotal.com/en/file/4b0cc15b24e38ec14e6d044583992626dd8c72a4255b9614be46b1b4eefa41d7/analysis/">4B0CC15B24E38EC14E6D044583992626DD8C72 A4255B9614BE46B1B4EEFA41D7</a></td>
<td valign="top" width="204">Perl:Hanthie-A [Trj]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Acknowledgements<br>
</strong></p>
<p>Thanks goes to my colleague, Pavel Šrámek, for discussions about the Linux platform.</p>
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